Machiavelli’s The Prince and the Modern Executive Essay -- Machiavelli

The Prince and the Modern Executive  Ã‚      Few question The Prince’s place in the canon of western literature. That it marks a turning point in our collective history, the origin of the study of politics as a science (Pollock 43), is alone enough to warrant its classification as a "Great Book. Its author, Niccolo Machiavelli, a contemporary of Copernicus, is generally accepted as an early contributor to the scientific revolution, because he looked at power and the nature of sovereignty through the eyes of a scientist, focused completely on the goal without regard for religion and morals and ethics. Machiavelli taught that the way princes actually do govern often differs substantially from than the way they ought to govern, according to medieval Christian virtues. Sir Frederick Pollock wrote that in Machiavelli we find "for the first time since Aristotle, the pure passionless curiosity of the man of science. We find the separation of Ethics and Politics†¦Machiavelli takes no account of morality" (43). Machiave lli considers a successful ruler to be above morality, since the safety and expansion of the state are the supreme objectives. There had not been such a frank rejection of morality since the Greek Sophists. His ideas are in stark contrast with traditional church teachings. It is no wonder that The Prince was added to the Index of banned books and even today remains one of the most criticized and controversial books ever written. It is a scientific investigation into the tactics of retaining power. It is about application of power in the pursuit a greater goal. The Prince is, above all, about leadership. Though it is doubtful that Machiavelli realized the far reaching impact of his work. Its application is timeless and parti... ...l to read The Prince and, if they have already read it, read it again. As with all truly "Great Books," each successive reading reveals fresh new ideas and insights. The Prince, though disturbingly cold and frank at times, is no different.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Works Cited Butterfield, Herbert. The Statecraft of Machiavelli. New York: MacMillan, 1956. Jones, W. T. Masters of Political Thought. Ed. Edward, McChesner, and Sait. Vol. 2. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1947. Lewis, Wyndham. The Lion and the Fox: The Role of the Hero in the Plays of Shakespeare. London: Methuen, 1951. Machiavelli, Niccolo. The Prince. Trans. Hill Thompson. Norwalk: The Easton Press, 1980. Pollock, Frederick. An Introduction to the History of the Science of Politics. London: MacMillan, 1935. Ruffo-Fiore, Silvia. Niccolo Machiavelli. Boston: Twayne Publishers, 1982.      

A comparison of Mary Shelley’s ‘Frankenstein’ and ‘OF Mice and Men’ by John Steinbeck Essay

I will be comparing the novels ‘Frankenstein’ by Mary Shelley and ‘Of Mice and Men’ by John Steinbeck. I will focus on how the main outcasts in each book feel and how their emotions are presented and what effects this has on the reader. The novel Frankenstein is about a man Victor Frankenstein, who grew up in Geneva, Switzerland as an eldest son of a quite wealthy and happy family. His parents adopted an orphan Elizabeth, who later becomes his wife. Frankenstein wasn’t very popular although he had a good friend called Henry Cleval. At a young age he found the need to learn and at 19 he went to a University in Ingolstadt, Germany. Here he found his need to learn even greater and his interests soon became an obsession. After four years of intensive studying he took his work further and created life from different parts of the human body taken graveyards, slaughterhouses and dissecting rooms. When the creature awoke he realised that he had created a monster, but what Victor hadn’t realised was that it had feelings like any other human being. Out of his nervousness when the monster disappeared, he caught a fever which his good friend Henry Cleval nursed him back to health. As he went home he was informed of his brother’s death, and when he saw the creature again he knew it was the monster. Scared of what his family might think he decided not to tell them but he let his knowledge of the real killer mentally torture him, especially when Justine a good friend of the family was accused and hanged for murder. He left the house and went wandering in the valleys, there Frankenstein’s creation meets him and tells him his life story. After leaving Frankenstein’s laboratory, the monster went and found himself in a village where he was by attacked villagers because of his appearance. He then found refuge in the country side and stayed in a small hovel next to a house occupied by a blind man and his two children. Here he learnt to speak and read by reading the family’s books. Then longing for some companions he speaks to the blind man which he knows won’t judge him on appearance. He gets in a friendly conversation but then the man’s children come back and it all goes wrong. The monster filled with anger and rage then runs of into the forest Here he meets Frankenstein’s younger brother who he strangles, knowing that it will hurt Frankenstein. The monster has only has request from Frankenstein, that he makes him a wife so he won’t be lonely all his life. Frankenstein is moved by this and agrees, knowing that the monster will carry on killing if he doesn’t. Victor leaves for England with Henry Cleval to finish off his work, promising to Elizabeth that he will marry her on his return. Victor started to work on his second creation when he starts to get doubts and destroys his work while the monster is secretly watching. The monster then swears revenge and tells Victor that he will be with him on his wedding night. The next day the body of Henry Cleval is found and Victor is accused of murder. He sees the body and eventually gets cleared of the charge and he heads back to Geneva very unwell, knowing that the monster has claimed another victim. He then gets married to Elizabeth promising to tell her the secret after there wedding night, but she gets killed by the monster. After another member of his family is lost he tracks the monster which eventually leads him to the artic, where he gets taken aboard Walton’s ship. Exhausted he tells Walton his story and asks him to kill the monster if he dies. The ship gets free of the ice where the crew decide to go home, Victors health decreases until he eventually dies and the monster visits his dead corpse. He then talks about his suffering and how he hates himself because of all the people he has killed. Finally with no meaning to life left he talks about building his funeral pile and leaves the ship. The book ‘Of Mice and Men’ has two main characters, George Milton and Lennie Small. George and Lennie work together going from ranch to ranch as labourers. Lennie is a huge man, gigantic in size but has a brain of a child whereas George is a small man but is highly intelligent; they hang round and work together using Lennie’s strength and George’s brains. They both recently escaped from a farm in Weed where a woman accused Lennie of rape, when he was supposedly only feeling her dress because he likes soft things. Lennie loves George telling him about his dream of having small farm with a vegetable patch and a rabbit hutch. The rabbit hutch is the only part of the plan that Lennie constantly remembers because of his limited memory span. The two head off for a ranch in California, when they are almost the George tells Lennie that if there is any trouble he is to hide in the brush near the river and wait for George to find him. When George and Lennie reach the farm where they will be working, they meet an old man called Candy who shows them their beds and tells them that their boss is angry because they are late. The boss speaks to Lennie but finds it suspicious because George keeps speaking for Lennie. After the boss leaves, his son Curly enters the bunkhouse looking for his wife. Curly has a new wife who everyone knows that she always flirts with other men. Later that evening Curly’s wife comes in and starts flirting, later on curly returns and starts picking on Lennie in an attempt to start a fight because he likes to think he is tougher than everyone else. After the first day at work, all the men return to the bunkhouse where Slim, a kind man gives Lennie a puppy. The other men leave for the Whorehouse and Lennie goes and visits Crooks, a black stable buck. Crooks makes Lennie realize how alone and isolated he would be if George abandoned Lennie. The next morning Lennie is playing with his new puppy when he accidentally kills it, Curly’s wife then enters the barn and lets him feel her soft dress, with his huge size he gets a bit forceful and she begins to scream. Trying not to get into trouble he covers her mouth and accidentally breaks her neck. Lennie runs to hide in the brush where he hopes George will save him. The other men then find her dead body and hunt Lennie down to kill him. George knows where Lennie is and points them in the opposite direction. George steals Carlson’s gun and finds Lennie, he calms him down but then shoots him in the head. The others then find him and George tells them what happened. Both stories end in tragedy, and have as a central figure as an outcast due to a mental or physical defect. In â€Å"Frankenstein† the writer starts of by making Victor seem happy and jolly person to help contrast the change in his mood and his way of thinking later in the book, much like George telling Lennie about the small farm they are going to own. In â€Å"Frankenstein† the Monster had the potential to be good or bad and for the majority of the book he was trying to be good and get some friends â€Å"I, Should first win their favour, and afterwards there love† Due to his defects though, none felt sympathy for him, he was just a ‘monster’ this was what drove him to the killing .He tried making friends with the blind which went very well until his children came back and they say him â€Å"Felix darted forward, and with supernatural force tore me from his father† . He soon began hatred for all man kind, for them being so predigest against h ow he looked. In both stories the writer creates sympathy for the two characters, Frankenstein’s monster is an outcast because of his physical defects and Lennie because of his mental defects. The writer creates sympathy for the monster by giving it hideous looks where even the creator Frankenstein can not bare to look at it â€Å"he was ugly then; but it became a thing such as Dante could not have conceived† The fact that monster had the potential to be good or bad but turns bad because of the way people treat him adds more sympathy. There are loads of other points in the story where sympathy is created for the monster, a main point is when Frankenstein goes back on his word and decides not to make the monster a partner so it will not be lonely. Also the monsters talk with Frankenstein on why he wants another one like himself gets a lot of sympathy from the reader. â€Å"I thought with a sensation of madness on my promise of creating another like him, trembling with passion, torn to pieces the thing on which I engaged. Mary Shelly keeps adding sympathy through the novel as she uses very dramatic and descriptive language to show the monsters agony. Later on in the novel the sympathy soon runs out for the monster as he turns evil and makes his soul purpose of his existence to seek revenge on his creator. Lennie gets sympathy in a whole different way, he is not totally rejected by society like Frankenstein’s monster but still does not fit in like other people due to his mental intellect. Throughout the novel Steinbeck emphasises Lennie’s two main defects, his incredible strength and mental intellect of a child and when put together these can be a very dangerous combination. Steinbeck constantly reminds the reader of Lennie’s child like attitude and his lack of adult awareness e.g. when he kept the dead mouse in his pocket as a pet. The way Steinbeck writes throughout the novel about how Lennie is an incredible worker and can lift twice as much as other men emphases Lennie’s incredible strength. The way Lennie always talks about the rabbit’s gains him a lot of sympathy from the reader as it is the kind of thing a child would talk about. Another time Steinbeck makes the reader feel sorry for Lennie is when he accidentally kills the puppy which he loved dearly, this shows that he does not always follows George’s commands and it can get him into trouble. During the story the writer does not want the reader to hate Lennie even through he commits a serious crime the reader still feels sympathy for him as he acts in the only way that he knows how.

How Alzheimer Is A Disease That Affects Your Cognitive And...

When Alzheimer’s knocks at your front door Alzheimer’s is a disease that affects your cognitive and behavior abilities. Millions of people are diagnose worldwide. It is very common to know someone that has a love one or friend diagnosed with this disease. However, everything changes when you happen to know that someone very close to you will be diagnosed with Alzheimer’s, my grandmother. My memorable journey onto the Alzheimer’s world begins in my late twenties. I used to work as an activity director in a retirement home for senior citizens. I just knew for protocol that more than a quarter of the total population of the residents was diagnosed with Alzheimer’s as a secondary diagnose. Every day was a joyful and fun experience for me; the interaction with the residents was so deep that became a personal on an ethical way. We’ve always begin our day with our daily chair fitness exercises. Every time I did something with them, I have always put a big, wide and wierd smile on me. Some of the residents would really appreciated that noble gesture, however, some of them would just tell me â€Å"what the hell are you always smiling about†, I laughed so hard every time I heard them say foul language, I knew they did not meant saying that ( I hope so). I did not quite grasp why they acted like that, or why they were cranky and sad all the time, until the charge nurse educate me and told me that they act like not because they want or they mean it, it is because they have Alzheimer’s priorShow MoreRelatedAlzheimer s Disease : A Progressive Disease1663 Words   |  7 Pages Alzheimer s disease is a progressive disease that destroys memory and other important mental functions. At first, someone with Alzheimer s disease may notice mild confusion and difficulty remembering. Eventually, people with the disease may even forget important people in their lives and undergo dramatic personality changes. 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I will be discussing the causes and prevention of this disease even though scientific facts and research are still being tested for validity. Alzheimer’s disease was first diagnosed to be a medical condition back in 1906 by Dr. Alois Alzheimer. Dr. Alzheimer identified this mental illnessRead MoreThe Decline Of Cognitive Decline1138 Words   |  5 Pagesthe acceleration of cognitive decline? The relevance of this question is that there are many families that are concerned about their loved one s health when they are placed into a nursing home. First, what are some of the reasons for families to place their loved one’s into a nursing home? Second, what is Alzheimer’s and Dementia? Third, what are the reasons for the decline in most residents cognitive behaviors? Finally, how can we help change the acceleration of cognitive decline? 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Miscegenation Progress Then and Now - 2537 Words

The freedom to marry whomever one chooses has historically been a huge issue in the United States, and it continues to be an issue today. Obstacles for romantic relationships can stem from prejudices regarding wealth, age, gender, and more. This paper in particular aims to examine the concept of racial discrimination in miscegenation in both the past and the present through its presence in film. Film can be an incredibly effective window into the popular opinions of the era in which they are produced. Films portray the ideas, the prejudices, and the treatment of people of color during the production time. To further explore the concept of the attitudes toward miscegenation presented in class, this paper will examine the progress of its†¦show more content†¦Because of social and romantic rejection from both African American and white communities, some biracial people committed suicides out of isolation. (Scheffer, 2013, p.38) Because this discrimination was so commonplace in society that it was normal to have laws against interracial marriages, it makes sense that these ideals would be seen in the media and film during the 1930s. The belief in the past that miscegenation between a black person and a white person should not occur is reflected by the entertainment of the time, particularly in film. Zouzou is a 1934 movie that reflects the societal rejection of African American and white miscegenation in the 1930s. The film depicts the story of an African American girl named Zouzou, and her white â€Å"twin† brother, Jean, who grew up with her in a travelling circus. Zouzou loves Jean, but he becomes involved with a white woman (Allegret, 1934). Because Jean, a white man, ends up in love with the white woman, it reinforces the idea that a romantic relationship between two white people is much more natural and preferable than one between two different races. In the film, it doesn’t matter that Zouzou was a successful and famous black woman, which was different from many films during its time. The consequential message was that ultimately Zouzou’s race was enough to keep herShow MoreRelatedAfr ican American Perspective in Early 20th Century America1702 Words   |  7 Pagesthe race. Uplifting the race was one of the most influential ideas of the time. Miscegenation, sexuality, and education are just three of the issues that were influenced by the racial attitudes of the times. Many authors commented on these issues and the other issues of the time. Nella Larsen, Booker T. Washington, and Charles Chestnutt are three authors that share their views with their readers. Miscegenation occurs when different racial groups mix through marriage, sexual relations, and/orRead MoreMusic Industry And Its Influence On Modern Society1034 Words   |  5 Pagesjust as many purposes as it possesses in genres. 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Interracial Marriage has been fought throughout our historyRead MoreSame-Sex Marriage Should be Legal Essay1535 Words   |  7 PagesCourt judges that effectively declared all race-based marriage bans in the states unconstitutional. The Lovings were permitted to move back to Virginia with their three children, and happily lived out their days in the Virginia countryside. Miscegenation (the mixing of different racial groups) has been practiced since the dawn of racial identity. However, North American laws prohibiting interracial marriage began with the colony of Maryland in the 1660s, before the United States even existed asRead MoreThe World As A Global World1369 Words   |  6 Pagesnot easy to get a chance to leave the place they grown up, do not even mention study in a different country. There is another way to bring about the cultural exchange, which is miscegenation. As the public transit become common, people can easily travel to different countries or mainland. This phenomenon allows miscegenation become passible. When two people who are come from different background become a family, they exchange the cultures. As the fact of the United States is the biggest country, whichRead MoreThe Or Interracial Marriages Occur When Two Individuals Of Different Races1439 Words   |  6 Pagesof a union between whites and Negro, mulatto, or Indian man or woman (Glover). This caused other surrounding colonies to implement similar laws. By the year of 1958, approximately 16 states prohibited interracial marriages or implemented anti- miscegenation laws, this was until a particular love story changed everything. This love story was better known as Loving v. Virginia. An African American woman by the name of Mildred and a Caucasian man named Richard Loving traveled to Washington D.C. to getRead MoreThe Civil War Of The American South3167 Words   |  13 Pagesorder to understand the unique position which black women held. But one of the most evident and powerful, which lead to and was used in justifying a large majority of the efforts made against the advancement of black men, was that of a fear of miscegenation or racial mixing. An idea which had long since been held as one of the greatest fears of and threats to the status of the white race as superior. As a means to stopping this dire threat, the sexuality of the black male was conflated and propagandizedRead MoreEssay on Loving v. Virginia (388 U.S. 1)2059 Wor ds   |  9 Pagesguilty in violation of the states anti-miscegenation statute. Mr. and Mrs. Loving were residents of the small town of Central point, Virginia. They were family friends who had dated each other since he was seventeen and she a teenager. When they learned that marriage was illegal for them in Virginia, they simply drove over the Washington, D.C. for the ceremony. They returned to Virginia and were arrested the following month for violating the anti-miscegenation statute, which was declared in the RacialRead MoreEssay on Imperium in Imperio1714 Words   |  7 Pagesthe first major political novel written by an African-American. The main characters of the novel confront the torment and conflict of their time. Griggs deploys his characters to illustrate the climate of the day. He touches on such issues as miscegenation, Jim Crow, the political exploitation of the Black man, and the lack of protection of freed slaves (Griggs 8). The novel was published in 1899, during the heat of the Post-Bellum period. At this point in time Blacks had only experienced thirtyRead MoreNative Imperialism And Its Implications On Aboriginal Identity895 Words   |  4 Pagesand placed in special institutions under white care. Missionaries or government employees, the caretakers of these reserves further ensured these strict regulations and policies. Additionally, marriage and sexual relations were also regulated. Miscegenation, the banning of intermarriage and interrelations among different racial groups was strictly enforced. The destruction of Aboriginal identity, according to the author, was a deliberate. However, once policy makers realized that not all Indigenous

Game Theory Essential Strategic Decision Making Essay

Game theory is essential in strategic decision making. It is a necessary tool or guideline needed for decision making in situations involving interdependence (Thomas Maurice, 2010). A time in which it was necessary and vital to make some strategic decisions was with the planning and coordinating of my wedding. Likewise, when my husband and I decided to get married, we both had different visions about how the planning process should take place in addition to the size of the budget. Unbeknownst to us, we never envisioned that we would encounter as many challenges in making as many vital decisions as we did. First and foremost, our first decision came with should we take it upon ourselves and plan our wedding without the assistance of a wedding planner and just take to the stage and plan it ourselves from beginning to end. Knowing that both my husband and I worked very demanding hours and schedules, we wondered how we would get it all done. 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The word  simulation  is sometimes considered too mechanistic for educational purposes.  Simulation  also refers to activities where an optimum for some problem is searched for, while this is not usually the aim of an educational game. On the other hand,Read MoreBusiness Simulation892 Words   |  4 Pagesinclude: strategic thinking, financial analysis, market analysis, operations, teamwork and leadership. The business gaming community seems lately to have adopted the term  business simulation game  instead of just  gaming  or just  simulation. The word  simulation  is sometimes considered too mechanistic for educational purposes.  Simulation  also refers to activities where an optimum for some problem is searched for, while this is not usually the aim of an educational game. 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Identify the players (competitors, complementors, suppliers, custromers) for non-cooperatives and cooperative games. Quantify the role of trust, cooperation (through alliancing and partnering), and

Spanish Society of Neurology

Question: Describe about the Spanish Society of Neurology? Answer: Concept of normal and abnormal behaviour Normal behaviour: normal person feel correctly or he can show the correct emotions when needed. He will react like the other normal people. He will feel sorrow when he feel sad, he will happy when he feel happiness, he will regret when he lose someone. this things will fit the person in the locality. This poersomns are called normal people amd the behaviour of them is called normal behaviour. This is a mental situation, where the person is perfectly alright or he is average. The fundamental thing is, those who fit for the society are the normal persons. Abnormality of person makes him different from the others. In other words, the people who are not behaving like the normal persons are the abnormal. If there is any kind of difficulty is noticed the society says that the person is abnormal. Every human being is facing some difficulties regarding their mental health. But if the mental health is fixing under the average health, the person is fit (Coon and Mitterer, 2014). There are few steps or identifications notes. With the help of this, one can detect that the person is mentally sound or not. As an example, if the IQ test is done, a significant outcome can be obtained. The outcome will help to identify whether the person is normal or the abnormal. If the IQ level is high that means he is mentally sound and if the result is poor or negative then the person is not normal, he is an abnormal one(Coon and Mitterer, 2014). There is another way to identify them. In some situations, the abnormal persons are physically different. From the discussion the definition of abnormal behaviour can be derived. The definition is, Abnormal behaviouris such a behaviour which creates a distance from the expected and normal ones. The study of abnormal behaviour is known asabnormal psychology. Usefulness of different models of abnormal behaviour In the world of psychological treatment, there are so many models that helps in identifying the abnormal people in the society. One can recognise them by following these models. Medical model The medical model says that the abnormal people are those people who are facing difficulties in thinking, pre captioning and in psychomotor activities. That means if a person cannot think like the other ones he is an abnormal. According to this model the abnormal psychology is like the other disease and it can be cure by the drugs and proper treatment. Psycho-Dynamic model In this case the patients are lies between conscious and unconscious mind. This is too harmful. Every culture has its own rituals, norms, believes, taboos and all. The people who are living in the society have to follow these things. This is mandatory. If any individual is not following these or he is denying following these things he will be recognised as an abnormal (Garcia, 2009) According to this model the abnormal psychology is something which affects the patients in the unconscious mind. They cannot differentiate between the conscious mind and the unconscious mind. Behavioural model If the person doesnt behave like the normal; people then the person will be considered as an abnormal person (Toates, 2002).in this case all of them faced a change in their thinking and behaviour. According to the Behavioural model the patients is not behave like the others. There are some difficulties in the behaviour and the behaviour is not acceptable in the society. Cognitive model If this symptom is noticed then the patients like Mary faces some changes some difference in their thinking. This totally changes the behaviour of the patient as faced by Mary. Not only the behaviour, the thinking also changed. According to the model the abnormal people cannot reason the matters in front of them. They are not the rational persons. They cannot think properly. These models help a lot in the treatment of the effective people. This models show the process of the treatment. The psychologists diagnose the patients and after that they divide them into those separate models to make sure that they are able to give the perfect treatment to the patients. This will definitely help them in the treatment process. These models show the different ways of treatment. According to the mental condition the doctors separate them into those parts and they give the treatment. Difficulties involved in diagnosing mental illness and discuss their usefulness. Bi-polar disorder: In this treatment the proper diagnosis is needed. Here in this case, by applying the DSM criteria the diagnosis can be done. The main problem is the swing in mood. Many of them cannot focus on this. Proper monitoring and the checklist is needed. But in most of the cases the checklist cannot be prepare properly. This is the main problem in the treatment. In the first and the last case the Bipolar disorder is found. Schizophrenia: the main challenge in detecting the problem is lack of information. In this case the patients are suddenly affected by something or by some incidents. So, it is very difficult to know about the root of the problem. In the disease people are up to kill them. So, it is very difficult to the doctors to give them proper treatment. in the second case the Schizophrenia is noticed. Anorexia: To detect the problem there is a specified criteria, which is DSM-IV, but this not enough to detect the problem. In this case the food habit of the patients is decreased; they dont take food like before. To diagnose them, the doctors have to know the actual reason, if they dont know the actual reason, they cannot make the diagnosis properly. In the third case the Anorexia is noticed (ABN joint annual meeting 2009 with the Spanish Society of Neurology, 2009). Differences and similarities between two cases The main dissimilarity in the first and the third case study is, in the first case the 22 year old girl was very silent at first. She used to stay inside her all the time. All of a sudden she became very lively and she was enjoying the life at the top gear. This change looks so good but it is not good at all. In the third case, Joe was very lively at the first. He wanted to be a sportsman. He was very muscular and the physical structure was very good. After that, just before his 12th birthday his physical health started to deteriorate and his mental conditions too.After that he was taken to the doctor and the doctor said that he is suffering from mental health. The main difference is that in the first case the patient became livelier and in the second case the patient started to shrink. It is clear that the mental conditions are changed in different ways. Both of them faced a change in their nature but the changes are standing in two different poles. Another difference is Joe faced a change in his physical structure and Mary faced the change in her nature. The similarity is both have faced a change in the attitude. Their behaviours have also changed. The physical structure has changed in both cases. Major psychological disorders found in the case studies Bipolar Disorder This is a manic depressive illness. It is a case in which the patients are facing a mental disorder. The effect of this disorder is noticed in the behaviour of the patient, here in case of Mary. There changes like sudden shift in the mood, energy and in the activity level also. Here Mary faced all this things. She was a well mannered and well behaved girl at the very beginning. After that she started to join the whole night parties. The parents and her fellows noticed a sudden swing in her mood and in her attitude. The doctors make the diagnosis and found that she is suffering from Bipolar Disorder(Ameri, 2014). Anorexia In the second case Joe faced some difficulties in his health. He was very worried about this. After a certain period he became mental and the doctors detected that he is suffering from anorexia. In this case the patients are very worried regarding their physical structure and the body wait. Joe also faced these things. He was 41kgs at a time, after that suddenly he falls down to 31. He became very worried/ his appetite was also gone. This is the main problem of this disease. Patients like Joe are facing the problem about their appetite and the structure. This is a very dangerous disease (Ashton et al., 2014). Treatment The models are discussed earlier. Mainly four types of model are there and all of them have their different types of treatment. The different types of models can be described in different ways. The treatment of the models is discussed below. The medical model This is a common model and most of the patients in this category. The treatment of the model is simple. In this model the patients can be cured. Proper diagnosis is needed and after that the patients have to take the proper medicine which is prescribed by the doctor. If needed a surgery is needed. Psycho-Dynamic model In this model the psycho therapy is needed for treatment. It is a common term in the mental treatment. It is provided by the psychologist, psychiatrist or other mental service providers. In this process the patients came to know about their mood, behaviour, feeling and other behaviours. This therapy is also known as the talk therapy. Very little medicine is needed in this process. Behavioural model The term says that what kind of treatment it is. This is an action based therapy. In this theory the past is very important. The doctors have to know that from where the occurred behaviour started. The doctors have to go to the root of the disease. Only then they can solve the problem. Cognitive model This model is totally different from the other models. This model focused on the present. The anxiety patients are served under this model. It focuses on the daily activities. It aims at the practical activities (Walter, 2012). In the second case study, Derek faced some abnormal activity in his behaviour. To make him cure, the cognitive model can be taken for treatment. In this process, his behaviour will be monitored and he can be cured by changing his behaviour. References ABN joint annual meeting 2009 with the Spanish Society of Neurology. (2009). Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery Psychiatry, 80(11), pp.e1-e1. Amaladoss, A., Roberts, N. and Amaladoss, F. (2010). Evidence for Use of Mood Stabilizers and Anticonvulsants in the Treatment of Nonaffective Disorders in Children and Adolescents. Clinical Neuropharmacology, 33(6), pp.303-311. Ameri, A. (2014). Bipolar-Mischzustnde als therapeutische Herausforderung. DNP - Der Neurologe und Psychiater, 15(1), pp.71-71. Ashton, J., Befera, N., Clark, D., Qi, Y., Mao, L., Rockman, H., Johnson, G. and Badea, C. (2014). Anatomical and functional imaging of myocardial infarction in mice using micro-CT and eXIA 160 contrast agent. Contrast Media Molecular Imaging, 9(2), pp.161-168. Bohomol, E. (2014). Medication errors: descriptive study of medication classes and high-alert medication. Escola Anna Nery - Revista de Enfermagem, 18(2). Coon, D. and Mitterer, J. (2014). Psychology. Belmont, Calif: Wadsworth/Cengage Learning. Garcia, A. (2009). Contextual pathways to Latino child welfare involvement: A theoretical model located in the intersections of place, culture, and socio-structural factors. Children and Youth Services Review, 31(12), pp.1240-1250. Goossens, L. (2013). DSM-5 onder de loep : Eetstoornissen in de DSM-5. PSYCHOPRAKTIJK, 5(3), pp.28-29. Robert, C. (2011). Bayesian Model Selection and Statistical Modeling by Tomohiro Ando. International Statistical Review, 79(1), pp.120-121. Toates, F. (2002). Application of a multilevel model of behavioural control to understanding emotion. Behavioural Processes, 60(2), pp.99-114. Walter, J. (2012). Practical and Ethical Implications of Inpatient Preferential Treatment. Psychiatric Annals, 42(1), pp.30-32.

Participant Observation Advantages and Disadvantages free essay sample

All methods involve observation, but participant observation is characterized by the extent to which its advocates insist on observation and interpretation of a situation, informed by an understanding of the situation from the point of view of the participants rather than the observer. An attempt is made to avoid imposing categories from outside. Participant observation is the method of anthropology, although it is used in a wide range of sociological studies when the researcher has become part of a daily round, learning languages and meanings, rules of impersonal, relations And in short, living the life of the people under study. (Hughes, 1976). Traditional participant observation is usually undertaken over an extended period of time, ranging from several months to many years, and even generations. An extended research time period means that the researcher is able to obtain more detailed and accurate information about the individuals, community, and population under study. Types of Participant Observation Non participant observation is an observational investigative method whereby the researcher or observer attends group events and records the observations without taking part in the groups activities. We will write a custom essay sample on Participant Observation Advantages and Disadvantages or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The group has knowledge that the observer is present, but he or she is an inactive attendant. Covert observation is a research method in social science. With this method, the researcher goes undercover as one of the participants of the group he/she chooses as subject of the study. The researcher participates on the activities of the group while making observations on their behaviour or whatever factors are being studied. Overt observation involve researcher being open about the reason for her presence in the field of study since the researcher is given permission by the group to conduct her research and the use of a sponsor, who is an individual likely to occupy a high status within the group, therefore lessening any potential hostility towards the researcher. Participant observation is a research method in which the researcher actually takes part in the social phenomenon being studies. Structured observation refers to a systematic method of data collection, where there is considerable pre-coding and observation that normally takes place. In this method, the researcher records down all the events that he has observed in the field. Advantages of Covert Participant Observation An advantage of covert observation is that it allows us access to social groups that normally would not provide consent to being involved in studies. Therefore, allowing us to research and expand knowledge on lesser-known social groups, which in turn will widen our Psychological understanding of the world. Also, this type of observation avoids problems surrounding observer-effects and so may be considered to be higher in validity than overt observations. One famous example of covert participant observation is that undertaken by Erving Goffman in his study of mental hospitals, published as Stigma in 1968. Goffman worked in an asylum for the mentally ill as Assistant Athletic Director. His research was mainly covert, with only a couple of staff being privy to the knowledge of his research, and via this method he was able to uncover the unofficial reality of life in a mental institution. Advantages of Overt Participant Observation An advantage of overt observation is the avoiding ethics issues such as deception or lack of informed consent. Furthermore, it also prevents the researcher from becoming over-familiar with the participants and ‘going native’. Therefore, aiming to keep the observation objective and free from bias. Also data may be openly recorded. An example of overt participant observation is William F. Whytes study Street Corner Society, (1943) where he was protected from potential antagonism by his friendship with Doc, his sponsor. However, Whyte, despite employing an overt participant observer role, did increasingly come to view himself as one of the gang during his fieldwork research. Disadvantages of Covert Participant Observation Covert participant observation automatically raises ethical concerns. In this case, the researcher may not be protected, or may not protect others, from the risk of harm- especially if they social group they are studying are a deviant group that may partake in violent acts. Also, they will be deceiving the participants and will lack informed consent. Also, in this type of observation there are chances that the researcher could become bias in their view and may ‘go native’. Another disadvantage is close friendships are often resulting from connections with members of the group under study and the covert nature of the research can put a tremendous strain on the researcher, both in and out of the fieldwork setting. Example of a covert observation would be the famous Bandura’s 1961 Bobo doll study. In this study, after watching a model act violently the children were unknowingly observed as they played with toys, so the researcher could measure the childrens level of aggression after watching a model acting aggressively. The children were unaware that they were being observed and the reasons why they were involved in this study and therefore they would more likely to show natural displays of behaviour. Disadvantages of Overt Participant Observation However, a disadvantage would be that the participants understand the aims of the observer and so there is likely to be possible observer effects (the participants changing their behaviour acting in a way that they believe is expected by the experimenter). An example of an overt observation would be Williams, 1986 study on the media effects on anti-social behaviour in children. In this study 6-11 year old children from an isolated society were assessed on their levels of aggression after the introduction of TV. The children knew they were being studied and so they may have shown demand characteristics or social desirability effects. Quantitative Data Quantitative data refers to the numerical facts and figures that are collected during a research investigation or field of study. The data and or observations are then analysed and used to interpret a situation or event. Data is measured on a numerical scale such as a histogram, chart etc. Quantitative evidence provides a good overall picture of a population or geographical region. It can also often be used to measure trends over time. This type of evidence is valuable for describing who, what, where and when. Quantitative Primary Sources Primary data is most generally understood as data gathered from the information source and which has not undergone analysis before being included in the needs assessment. Primary data is collected directly from the affected population by the assessment team through field work. Primary data is most often collected through face to face interviews or discussions with members of the affected community, but can also be gathered through phone interviews, radio communication, email exchange, and direct observation. Quantitative Secondary Sources Quantitative secondary sources include a huge of statistical data produced by groups like companies, charities and pressure groups. A major source of such data is the mass of official statistics collected by national and local governments and other official agencies. These include census data, statistics on birth, marriages and deaths, and social services, unemployment, education, crime and health statistics. Qualitative data Qualitative data is information which does not present itself in numerical form and is descriptive, appearing mostly in conversational or narrative form. A good example of qualitative data is an answer that describes how good a certain type of massage feels-such data can not be quantified. Qualitative evidence provides richer, deeper and broader information based on a few individuals or case examples. This type of evidence is valuable for describing how and why. Qualitative Primary Sources The most common method is the qualitative research interview, but forms of the data collected can also include group discussions, observation and reflection field notes, various texts, pictures, and other materials. Qualitative research often categorizes data into patterns as the primary basis for organizing and reporting results. Qualitative researchers typically rely on the following methods for gathering information: Participant Observation, Non-participant Observation, Field Notes, Reflexive Journals, Structured Interview, Semi-structured Interview, Unstructured Interview, and Analysis of documents and materials. Qualitative Secondary Sources A secondary data is that which is found by another researcher that you then use yourself. Where you get this data from is known as the secondary source. Qualitative secondary sources could be newspapers, novels, art, autobiographies, diaries, TV programmes, historical documents, school reports, as well as many other examples. Conclusion Participant observation involves the researchers involvement in a variety of activities over an extended period of time that enable him/her to observe the cultural members in their daily lives and to participate in their activities to facilitate a better understanding of those behaviours and activities. The process of conducting this type of field work involves gaining entry into the community, selecting gatekeepers and key informants, participating in as many different activities as are allowable by the community members, clarifying ones findings through member checks, formal interviews, and informal conversations, and keeping organized, structured field notes to facilitate the development of a narrative that explains various cultural aspects to the reader. Participant observation is used as a mainstay in field work in a variety of disciplines, and, as such, has proven to be a beneficial tool for producing studies that provide accurate representation of a culture.