Miscegenation Progress Then and Now - 2537 Words

The freedom to marry whomever one chooses has historically been a huge issue in the United States, and it continues to be an issue today. Obstacles for romantic relationships can stem from prejudices regarding wealth, age, gender, and more. This paper in particular aims to examine the concept of racial discrimination in miscegenation in both the past and the present through its presence in film. Film can be an incredibly effective window into the popular opinions of the era in which they are produced. Films portray the ideas, the prejudices, and the treatment of people of color during the production time. To further explore the concept of the attitudes toward miscegenation presented in class, this paper will examine the progress of its†¦show more content†¦Because of social and romantic rejection from both African American and white communities, some biracial people committed suicides out of isolation. (Scheffer, 2013, p.38) Because this discrimination was so commonplace in society that it was normal to have laws against interracial marriages, it makes sense that these ideals would be seen in the media and film during the 1930s. The belief in the past that miscegenation between a black person and a white person should not occur is reflected by the entertainment of the time, particularly in film. Zouzou is a 1934 movie that reflects the societal rejection of African American and white miscegenation in the 1930s. The film depicts the story of an African American girl named Zouzou, and her white â€Å"twin† brother, Jean, who grew up with her in a travelling circus. Zouzou loves Jean, but he becomes involved with a white woman (Allegret, 1934). Because Jean, a white man, ends up in love with the white woman, it reinforces the idea that a romantic relationship between two white people is much more natural and preferable than one between two different races. In the film, it doesn’t matter that Zouzou was a successful and famous black woman, which was different from many films during its time. The consequential message was that ultimately Zouzou’s race was enough to keep herShow MoreRelatedAfr ican American Perspective in Early 20th Century America1702 Words   |  7 Pagesthe race. Uplifting the race was one of the most influential ideas of the time. Miscegenation, sexuality, and education are just three of the issues that were influenced by the racial attitudes of the times. Many authors commented on these issues and the other issues of the time. Nella Larsen, Booker T. Washington, and Charles Chestnutt are three authors that share their views with their readers. Miscegenation occurs when different racial groups mix through marriage, sexual relations, and/orRead MoreMusic Industry And Its Influence On Modern Society1034 Words   |  5 Pagesjust as many purposes as it possesses in genres. For listeners, music is not simply an escape or form of entertainment; it is a source of inspiration and self-expression. Sometimes, this can be problematic and lead to false identities and music miscegenation. The music industry has had a powerful influence on what listeners consume. In this process, traditional black music genres have crossed over to the mainstream. This has been problematic in that it gives listeners the sense that the music industryRead MoreInterracial Marriage Should Be Legal1365 Words   |  6 Pagesmarriages are still considered taboo in many countries in the world and even in the United States. While the opportunity to marry whoever one desires is a reality in America, it is not always common and sometime frowned upon in our commu nities. Much progress has been made as a country to allow interracial marriages to be successful, but the American population has had difficulty accepting the legal development that has taken place in our nation. Interracial Marriage has been fought throughout our historyRead MoreSame-Sex Marriage Should be Legal Essay1535 Words   |  7 PagesCourt judges that effectively declared all race-based marriage bans in the states unconstitutional. The Lovings were permitted to move back to Virginia with their three children, and happily lived out their days in the Virginia countryside. Miscegenation (the mixing of different racial groups) has been practiced since the dawn of racial identity. However, North American laws prohibiting interracial marriage began with the colony of Maryland in the 1660s, before the United States even existed asRead MoreThe World As A Global World1369 Words   |  6 Pagesnot easy to get a chance to leave the place they grown up, do not even mention study in a different country. There is another way to bring about the cultural exchange, which is miscegenation. As the public transit become common, people can easily travel to different countries or mainland. This phenomenon allows miscegenation become passible. When two people who are come from different background become a family, they exchange the cultures. As the fact of the United States is the biggest country, whichRead MoreThe Or Interracial Marriages Occur When Two Individuals Of Different Races1439 Words   |  6 Pagesof a union between whites and Negro, mulatto, or Indian man or woman (Glover). This caused other surrounding colonies to implement similar laws. By the year of 1958, approximately 16 states prohibited interracial marriages or implemented anti- miscegenation laws, this was until a particular love story changed everything. This love story was better known as Loving v. Virginia. An African American woman by the name of Mildred and a Caucasian man named Richard Loving traveled to Washington D.C. to getRead MoreThe Civil War Of The American South3167 Words   |  13 Pagesorder to understand the unique position which black women held. But one of the most evident and powerful, which lead to and was used in justifying a large majority of the efforts made against the advancement of black men, was that of a fear of miscegenation or racial mixing. An idea which had long since been held as one of the greatest fears of and threats to the status of the white race as superior. As a means to stopping this dire threat, the sexuality of the black male was conflated and propagandizedRead MoreEssay on Loving v. Virginia (388 U.S. 1)2059 Wor ds   |  9 Pagesguilty in violation of the states anti-miscegenation statute. Mr. and Mrs. Loving were residents of the small town of Central point, Virginia. They were family friends who had dated each other since he was seventeen and she a teenager. When they learned that marriage was illegal for them in Virginia, they simply drove over the Washington, D.C. for the ceremony. They returned to Virginia and were arrested the following month for violating the anti-miscegenation statute, which was declared in the RacialRead MoreEssay on Imperium in Imperio1714 Words   |  7 Pagesthe first major political novel written by an African-American. The main characters of the novel confront the torment and conflict of their time. Griggs deploys his characters to illustrate the climate of the day. He touches on such issues as miscegenation, Jim Crow, the political exploitation of the Black man, and the lack of protection of freed slaves (Griggs 8). The novel was published in 1899, during the heat of the Post-Bellum period. At this point in time Blacks had only experienced thirtyRead MoreNative Imperialism And Its Implications On Aboriginal Identity895 Words   |  4 Pagesand placed in special institutions under white care. Missionaries or government employees, the caretakers of these reserves further ensured these strict regulations and policies. Additionally, marriage and sexual relations were also regulated. Miscegenation, the banning of intermarriage and interrelations among different racial groups was strictly enforced. The destruction of Aboriginal identity, according to the author, was a deliberate. However, once policy makers realized that not all Indigenous

Game Theory Essential Strategic Decision Making Essay

Game theory is essential in strategic decision making. It is a necessary tool or guideline needed for decision making in situations involving interdependence (Thomas Maurice, 2010). A time in which it was necessary and vital to make some strategic decisions was with the planning and coordinating of my wedding. Likewise, when my husband and I decided to get married, we both had different visions about how the planning process should take place in addition to the size of the budget. Unbeknownst to us, we never envisioned that we would encounter as many challenges in making as many vital decisions as we did. First and foremost, our first decision came with should we take it upon ourselves and plan our wedding without the assistance of a wedding planner and just take to the stage and plan it ourselves from beginning to end. Knowing that both my husband and I worked very demanding hours and schedules, we wondered how we would get it all done. On my end, I was all for paying someone else to facilitate and coordinate our wedding and take our thoughts and dreams and turn them into reality. However, my husband was looking at not hiring a wedding planner more so from the perspective in sparing our budget and saving more money and he thoroughly believed the money spent on the wedding planner could ve been spent elsewhere as he thought my work in event planning would prove sufficient enough. Despite, the fact that I worked just as many hours as he did, I did not thinkShow MoreRelatedStrategic Behavior And Game Theory989 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction Strategic behavior and game theory coincide together in many ways. Strategic behavior plans happen within the confines of game theory. Silva, Mota, and Gril (2015) describe game theory and all that is involved with it as â€Å"one of the most powerful tools within social science in general and economics† (p. 421). With this statement, a deeper look into the measures that sum up strategic behavior and game theory is essential for an understanding of a firm’s decision in the global economyRead MoreAnalysis of Power and Politics Within Healthcare831 Words   |  4 Pages and this can be derived from the structure of the organization and individuals involved in the organization. (Johnson 2009) Generally, actions taken outside the bounds of established organizational processes leads to political games. There are three political games that health professionals may pursue in their organization that would motivate their intent to gain power or influence control. Empire building involves front line leaders (i.e., directors, managers, line supervisors, etc.) thatRead MoreComparing Decision Making Techniques And Consequences Essay1389 Words   |  6 PagesCompare and Contrast Decision-making Techniques and Consequences Introduction Personal ethics refers to an individual’s personal or self –modeled values and norms. These values are instilled in people while growing up with their parents and friends. They help in distinguishing what a person perceives to be right and wrong. General examples include a sense of responsibility, commitment, honesty, politeness, openness and alongside others. What an individual develops concerning fairness during childhoodRead MoreTheories Of Organizational Succession Planning Essay1327 Words   |  6 Pagessystematic presentation of the literature forms the foundation of the study. 2.1 THEORECTICAL FRAMEWORK There are different theories on organizational succession planning, each identifying own paradigm and concept. Some of these theories include Trait Theory, Path-Goal Theory, Game Theory and Leadership Model Theory. (A) Trait Leadership Theory Trait leadership theory suggests that all leaders are born with or display certain key personality characteristics. Certain characteristics are particularlyRead MoreInformation And Communication Technologies Has Made Information Communication Systems1108 Words   |  5 PagesTorpig botnet network, the study in [7] has gathered information from more than 180000 infected machines around the globe. 1.2 Tactical and sophisticated Conflicts As information and communication technologies have now become an integral and essential part of our daily life, there has been a significant shift in the global threats. Now a days, the greatest security threats are not coming from those script-kiddies and fame-driven hackers who attack communication systems just to impress their peersRead MoreExective Summary. Game Theory Is A Fascinating Subject.1570 Words   |  7 Pages â€Æ' EXECTIVE SUMMARY Game theory is a fascinating subject. It is applied in many various academic fields including economics, management, biology, psychology, sociology etc. The purpose of this paper is to apply game theory to problem solving and risk management. First we present briefly game theory and illustrate the relationship between game theory, strategic planning and risk management. Game theory is combined with the theory of risk management to capture any opportunityRead MoreBusiness Simulation899 Words   |  4 Pagesobjectives include: strategic thinking, financial analysis, market analysis, operations, teamwork and leadership. The business gaming community seems lately to have adopted the term  business simulation game  instead of just  gaming  or just  simulation. The word  simulation  is sometimes considered too mechanistic for educational purposes.  Simulation  also refers to activities where an optimum for some problem is searched for, while this is not usually the aim of an educational game. On the other hand,Read MoreBusiness Simulation892 Words   |  4 Pagesinclude: strategic thinking, financial analysis, market analysis, operations, teamwork and leadership. The business gaming community seems lately to have adopted the term  business simulation game  instead of just  gaming  or just  simulation. The word  simulation  is sometimes considered too mechanistic for educational purposes.  Simulation  also refers to activities where an optimum for some problem is searched for, while this is not usually the aim of an educational game. On the other hand, the word  game  canRead MoreWar in the Nuclear Era2489 Words   |  10 Pages Addressing the question of whether war is a rational decision or a mistake is important to understand the causes of war and explain the reduction in the number of wars fought among countries in today’s nuclear era. The argument, under which war is a mistake, is a normative claim about what action states should have chosen, based on the outcomes that have been produced. That is, for a decision to be good, it needs to have produced the actor’s preferred outcome. However, the mistake perspectiveRead MoreEnhancing Game Theory Strategies And Techniques9102 Words   |  37 PagesIntroduction Research Aim To exploit game theory strategies and techniques in order to apply them to the AEC industry by creating a framework for dealing with the key players. Research Objectives Identify the challenges of design and build contracts and seek solutions through game theory strategies. Identify the players (competitors, complementors, suppliers, custromers) for non-cooperatives and cooperative games. Quantify the role of trust, cooperation (through alliancing and partnering), and

Spanish Society of Neurology

Question: Describe about the Spanish Society of Neurology? Answer: Concept of normal and abnormal behaviour Normal behaviour: normal person feel correctly or he can show the correct emotions when needed. He will react like the other normal people. He will feel sorrow when he feel sad, he will happy when he feel happiness, he will regret when he lose someone. this things will fit the person in the locality. This poersomns are called normal people amd the behaviour of them is called normal behaviour. This is a mental situation, where the person is perfectly alright or he is average. The fundamental thing is, those who fit for the society are the normal persons. Abnormality of person makes him different from the others. In other words, the people who are not behaving like the normal persons are the abnormal. If there is any kind of difficulty is noticed the society says that the person is abnormal. Every human being is facing some difficulties regarding their mental health. But if the mental health is fixing under the average health, the person is fit (Coon and Mitterer, 2014). There are few steps or identifications notes. With the help of this, one can detect that the person is mentally sound or not. As an example, if the IQ test is done, a significant outcome can be obtained. The outcome will help to identify whether the person is normal or the abnormal. If the IQ level is high that means he is mentally sound and if the result is poor or negative then the person is not normal, he is an abnormal one(Coon and Mitterer, 2014). There is another way to identify them. In some situations, the abnormal persons are physically different. From the discussion the definition of abnormal behaviour can be derived. The definition is, Abnormal behaviouris such a behaviour which creates a distance from the expected and normal ones. The study of abnormal behaviour is known asabnormal psychology. Usefulness of different models of abnormal behaviour In the world of psychological treatment, there are so many models that helps in identifying the abnormal people in the society. One can recognise them by following these models. Medical model The medical model says that the abnormal people are those people who are facing difficulties in thinking, pre captioning and in psychomotor activities. That means if a person cannot think like the other ones he is an abnormal. According to this model the abnormal psychology is like the other disease and it can be cure by the drugs and proper treatment. Psycho-Dynamic model In this case the patients are lies between conscious and unconscious mind. This is too harmful. Every culture has its own rituals, norms, believes, taboos and all. The people who are living in the society have to follow these things. This is mandatory. If any individual is not following these or he is denying following these things he will be recognised as an abnormal (Garcia, 2009) According to this model the abnormal psychology is something which affects the patients in the unconscious mind. They cannot differentiate between the conscious mind and the unconscious mind. Behavioural model If the person doesnt behave like the normal; people then the person will be considered as an abnormal person (Toates, 2002).in this case all of them faced a change in their thinking and behaviour. According to the Behavioural model the patients is not behave like the others. There are some difficulties in the behaviour and the behaviour is not acceptable in the society. Cognitive model If this symptom is noticed then the patients like Mary faces some changes some difference in their thinking. This totally changes the behaviour of the patient as faced by Mary. Not only the behaviour, the thinking also changed. According to the model the abnormal people cannot reason the matters in front of them. They are not the rational persons. They cannot think properly. These models help a lot in the treatment of the effective people. This models show the process of the treatment. The psychologists diagnose the patients and after that they divide them into those separate models to make sure that they are able to give the perfect treatment to the patients. This will definitely help them in the treatment process. These models show the different ways of treatment. According to the mental condition the doctors separate them into those parts and they give the treatment. Difficulties involved in diagnosing mental illness and discuss their usefulness. Bi-polar disorder: In this treatment the proper diagnosis is needed. Here in this case, by applying the DSM criteria the diagnosis can be done. The main problem is the swing in mood. Many of them cannot focus on this. Proper monitoring and the checklist is needed. But in most of the cases the checklist cannot be prepare properly. This is the main problem in the treatment. In the first and the last case the Bipolar disorder is found. Schizophrenia: the main challenge in detecting the problem is lack of information. In this case the patients are suddenly affected by something or by some incidents. So, it is very difficult to know about the root of the problem. In the disease people are up to kill them. So, it is very difficult to the doctors to give them proper treatment. in the second case the Schizophrenia is noticed. Anorexia: To detect the problem there is a specified criteria, which is DSM-IV, but this not enough to detect the problem. In this case the food habit of the patients is decreased; they dont take food like before. To diagnose them, the doctors have to know the actual reason, if they dont know the actual reason, they cannot make the diagnosis properly. In the third case the Anorexia is noticed (ABN joint annual meeting 2009 with the Spanish Society of Neurology, 2009). Differences and similarities between two cases The main dissimilarity in the first and the third case study is, in the first case the 22 year old girl was very silent at first. She used to stay inside her all the time. All of a sudden she became very lively and she was enjoying the life at the top gear. This change looks so good but it is not good at all. In the third case, Joe was very lively at the first. He wanted to be a sportsman. He was very muscular and the physical structure was very good. After that, just before his 12th birthday his physical health started to deteriorate and his mental conditions too.After that he was taken to the doctor and the doctor said that he is suffering from mental health. The main difference is that in the first case the patient became livelier and in the second case the patient started to shrink. It is clear that the mental conditions are changed in different ways. Both of them faced a change in their nature but the changes are standing in two different poles. Another difference is Joe faced a change in his physical structure and Mary faced the change in her nature. The similarity is both have faced a change in the attitude. Their behaviours have also changed. The physical structure has changed in both cases. Major psychological disorders found in the case studies Bipolar Disorder This is a manic depressive illness. It is a case in which the patients are facing a mental disorder. The effect of this disorder is noticed in the behaviour of the patient, here in case of Mary. There changes like sudden shift in the mood, energy and in the activity level also. Here Mary faced all this things. She was a well mannered and well behaved girl at the very beginning. After that she started to join the whole night parties. The parents and her fellows noticed a sudden swing in her mood and in her attitude. The doctors make the diagnosis and found that she is suffering from Bipolar Disorder(Ameri, 2014). Anorexia In the second case Joe faced some difficulties in his health. He was very worried about this. After a certain period he became mental and the doctors detected that he is suffering from anorexia. In this case the patients are very worried regarding their physical structure and the body wait. Joe also faced these things. He was 41kgs at a time, after that suddenly he falls down to 31. He became very worried/ his appetite was also gone. This is the main problem of this disease. Patients like Joe are facing the problem about their appetite and the structure. This is a very dangerous disease (Ashton et al., 2014). Treatment The models are discussed earlier. Mainly four types of model are there and all of them have their different types of treatment. The different types of models can be described in different ways. The treatment of the models is discussed below. The medical model This is a common model and most of the patients in this category. The treatment of the model is simple. In this model the patients can be cured. Proper diagnosis is needed and after that the patients have to take the proper medicine which is prescribed by the doctor. If needed a surgery is needed. Psycho-Dynamic model In this model the psycho therapy is needed for treatment. It is a common term in the mental treatment. It is provided by the psychologist, psychiatrist or other mental service providers. In this process the patients came to know about their mood, behaviour, feeling and other behaviours. This therapy is also known as the talk therapy. Very little medicine is needed in this process. Behavioural model The term says that what kind of treatment it is. This is an action based therapy. In this theory the past is very important. The doctors have to know that from where the occurred behaviour started. The doctors have to go to the root of the disease. Only then they can solve the problem. Cognitive model This model is totally different from the other models. This model focused on the present. The anxiety patients are served under this model. It focuses on the daily activities. It aims at the practical activities (Walter, 2012). In the second case study, Derek faced some abnormal activity in his behaviour. To make him cure, the cognitive model can be taken for treatment. In this process, his behaviour will be monitored and he can be cured by changing his behaviour. References ABN joint annual meeting 2009 with the Spanish Society of Neurology. (2009). Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery Psychiatry, 80(11), pp.e1-e1. Amaladoss, A., Roberts, N. and Amaladoss, F. (2010). Evidence for Use of Mood Stabilizers and Anticonvulsants in the Treatment of Nonaffective Disorders in Children and Adolescents. Clinical Neuropharmacology, 33(6), pp.303-311. Ameri, A. (2014). Bipolar-Mischzustnde als therapeutische Herausforderung. DNP - Der Neurologe und Psychiater, 15(1), pp.71-71. Ashton, J., Befera, N., Clark, D., Qi, Y., Mao, L., Rockman, H., Johnson, G. and Badea, C. (2014). Anatomical and functional imaging of myocardial infarction in mice using micro-CT and eXIA 160 contrast agent. Contrast Media Molecular Imaging, 9(2), pp.161-168. Bohomol, E. (2014). Medication errors: descriptive study of medication classes and high-alert medication. Escola Anna Nery - Revista de Enfermagem, 18(2). Coon, D. and Mitterer, J. (2014). Psychology. Belmont, Calif: Wadsworth/Cengage Learning. Garcia, A. (2009). Contextual pathways to Latino child welfare involvement: A theoretical model located in the intersections of place, culture, and socio-structural factors. Children and Youth Services Review, 31(12), pp.1240-1250. Goossens, L. (2013). DSM-5 onder de loep : Eetstoornissen in de DSM-5. PSYCHOPRAKTIJK, 5(3), pp.28-29. Robert, C. (2011). Bayesian Model Selection and Statistical Modeling by Tomohiro Ando. International Statistical Review, 79(1), pp.120-121. Toates, F. (2002). Application of a multilevel model of behavioural control to understanding emotion. Behavioural Processes, 60(2), pp.99-114. Walter, J. (2012). Practical and Ethical Implications of Inpatient Preferential Treatment. Psychiatric Annals, 42(1), pp.30-32.

Participant Observation Advantages and Disadvantages free essay sample

All methods involve observation, but participant observation is characterized by the extent to which its advocates insist on observation and interpretation of a situation, informed by an understanding of the situation from the point of view of the participants rather than the observer. An attempt is made to avoid imposing categories from outside. Participant observation is the method of anthropology, although it is used in a wide range of sociological studies when the researcher has become part of a daily round, learning languages and meanings, rules of impersonal, relations And in short, living the life of the people under study. (Hughes, 1976). Traditional participant observation is usually undertaken over an extended period of time, ranging from several months to many years, and even generations. An extended research time period means that the researcher is able to obtain more detailed and accurate information about the individuals, community, and population under study. Types of Participant Observation Non participant observation is an observational investigative method whereby the researcher or observer attends group events and records the observations without taking part in the groups activities. We will write a custom essay sample on Participant Observation Advantages and Disadvantages or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The group has knowledge that the observer is present, but he or she is an inactive attendant. Covert observation is a research method in social science. With this method, the researcher goes undercover as one of the participants of the group he/she chooses as subject of the study. The researcher participates on the activities of the group while making observations on their behaviour or whatever factors are being studied. Overt observation involve researcher being open about the reason for her presence in the field of study since the researcher is given permission by the group to conduct her research and the use of a sponsor, who is an individual likely to occupy a high status within the group, therefore lessening any potential hostility towards the researcher. Participant observation is a research method in which the researcher actually takes part in the social phenomenon being studies. Structured observation refers to a systematic method of data collection, where there is considerable pre-coding and observation that normally takes place. In this method, the researcher records down all the events that he has observed in the field. Advantages of Covert Participant Observation An advantage of covert observation is that it allows us access to social groups that normally would not provide consent to being involved in studies. Therefore, allowing us to research and expand knowledge on lesser-known social groups, which in turn will widen our Psychological understanding of the world. Also, this type of observation avoids problems surrounding observer-effects and so may be considered to be higher in validity than overt observations. One famous example of covert participant observation is that undertaken by Erving Goffman in his study of mental hospitals, published as Stigma in 1968. Goffman worked in an asylum for the mentally ill as Assistant Athletic Director. His research was mainly covert, with only a couple of staff being privy to the knowledge of his research, and via this method he was able to uncover the unofficial reality of life in a mental institution. Advantages of Overt Participant Observation An advantage of overt observation is the avoiding ethics issues such as deception or lack of informed consent. Furthermore, it also prevents the researcher from becoming over-familiar with the participants and ‘going native’. Therefore, aiming to keep the observation objective and free from bias. Also data may be openly recorded. An example of overt participant observation is William F. Whytes study Street Corner Society, (1943) where he was protected from potential antagonism by his friendship with Doc, his sponsor. However, Whyte, despite employing an overt participant observer role, did increasingly come to view himself as one of the gang during his fieldwork research. Disadvantages of Covert Participant Observation Covert participant observation automatically raises ethical concerns. In this case, the researcher may not be protected, or may not protect others, from the risk of harm- especially if they social group they are studying are a deviant group that may partake in violent acts. Also, they will be deceiving the participants and will lack informed consent. Also, in this type of observation there are chances that the researcher could become bias in their view and may ‘go native’. Another disadvantage is close friendships are often resulting from connections with members of the group under study and the covert nature of the research can put a tremendous strain on the researcher, both in and out of the fieldwork setting. Example of a covert observation would be the famous Bandura’s 1961 Bobo doll study. In this study, after watching a model act violently the children were unknowingly observed as they played with toys, so the researcher could measure the childrens level of aggression after watching a model acting aggressively. The children were unaware that they were being observed and the reasons why they were involved in this study and therefore they would more likely to show natural displays of behaviour. Disadvantages of Overt Participant Observation However, a disadvantage would be that the participants understand the aims of the observer and so there is likely to be possible observer effects (the participants changing their behaviour acting in a way that they believe is expected by the experimenter). An example of an overt observation would be Williams, 1986 study on the media effects on anti-social behaviour in children. In this study 6-11 year old children from an isolated society were assessed on their levels of aggression after the introduction of TV. The children knew they were being studied and so they may have shown demand characteristics or social desirability effects. Quantitative Data Quantitative data refers to the numerical facts and figures that are collected during a research investigation or field of study. The data and or observations are then analysed and used to interpret a situation or event. Data is measured on a numerical scale such as a histogram, chart etc. Quantitative evidence provides a good overall picture of a population or geographical region. It can also often be used to measure trends over time. This type of evidence is valuable for describing who, what, where and when. Quantitative Primary Sources Primary data is most generally understood as data gathered from the information source and which has not undergone analysis before being included in the needs assessment. Primary data is collected directly from the affected population by the assessment team through field work. Primary data is most often collected through face to face interviews or discussions with members of the affected community, but can also be gathered through phone interviews, radio communication, email exchange, and direct observation. Quantitative Secondary Sources Quantitative secondary sources include a huge of statistical data produced by groups like companies, charities and pressure groups. A major source of such data is the mass of official statistics collected by national and local governments and other official agencies. These include census data, statistics on birth, marriages and deaths, and social services, unemployment, education, crime and health statistics. Qualitative data Qualitative data is information which does not present itself in numerical form and is descriptive, appearing mostly in conversational or narrative form. A good example of qualitative data is an answer that describes how good a certain type of massage feels-such data can not be quantified. Qualitative evidence provides richer, deeper and broader information based on a few individuals or case examples. This type of evidence is valuable for describing how and why. Qualitative Primary Sources The most common method is the qualitative research interview, but forms of the data collected can also include group discussions, observation and reflection field notes, various texts, pictures, and other materials. Qualitative research often categorizes data into patterns as the primary basis for organizing and reporting results. Qualitative researchers typically rely on the following methods for gathering information: Participant Observation, Non-participant Observation, Field Notes, Reflexive Journals, Structured Interview, Semi-structured Interview, Unstructured Interview, and Analysis of documents and materials. Qualitative Secondary Sources A secondary data is that which is found by another researcher that you then use yourself. Where you get this data from is known as the secondary source. Qualitative secondary sources could be newspapers, novels, art, autobiographies, diaries, TV programmes, historical documents, school reports, as well as many other examples. Conclusion Participant observation involves the researchers involvement in a variety of activities over an extended period of time that enable him/her to observe the cultural members in their daily lives and to participate in their activities to facilitate a better understanding of those behaviours and activities. The process of conducting this type of field work involves gaining entry into the community, selecting gatekeepers and key informants, participating in as many different activities as are allowable by the community members, clarifying ones findings through member checks, formal interviews, and informal conversations, and keeping organized, structured field notes to facilitate the development of a narrative that explains various cultural aspects to the reader. Participant observation is used as a mainstay in field work in a variety of disciplines, and, as such, has proven to be a beneficial tool for producing studies that provide accurate representation of a culture.